J. Hughes, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Port Hueneme, CA.
The Navy Energy Program’s Technology Validation (Techval) Team has demonstrated many ventilation-related technologies. Thermal Destratifiers, Duct Sealants and Ventilation Control by CO2 and occupancy sensors have been evaluated. The energy and cost savings ability, along with the reliability and ease of installation and operation of each technology has been evaluated. The results, which vary by technology, will be presented, along with a discussion of the lessons learned during each project.
A. Woody, Ventilation and Energy Applications, Rochester Hills, MI.
The paper discusses the results of energy assessments conducted by the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) team at U.S. Army Arsenals and Depots to reduce energy consumption at these facilities. Four facilities were assessed: Rock Island Arsenal (RIA), Sierra Army Depot (SIAD), Tobyhanna Army Depot (TYAD) and Corpus Christi Army Depot (CCAD). These facilities are a part of the U.S. Army’s industrial base. Each facility has several manufacturing capabilities of various types, ranging from metal casting, heat treating, and plating, to machining and painting. The specific feature of the Army industrial base is a batch-type production with a significant variation in throughput. The assessments found many opportunities for manufacturing processes optimization and energy conservation at all four facilities. The proposed measures include changes in manufacturing process, building envelope, lighting, compressed air, boiler, and HVAC equipment and systems.
F. Kolarik, Universitaet Stuttgart, LHR, Stuttgart, Germany.
In the process of designing and construction of a HVAC-system in the past, the primary aim was to cover the respective maximum heating and cooling demand. At the present time, designers are more and more interested in knowing the expected yearly energy effort. Due the fact, that in HAVAC-systems a substantial part of the energy consumption is used for air transport (25–90%), a tool to calculate the energy effort for the air distributation system would be very helpful. The aim of the present research project is to produce a new calculation procedure to determine the energy effort of air distribution systems in HVAC. The basic rules for the evaluation of different solutions for such systems will be defined. Also the influences of several components (e.g., ventilator, ductworks, heating and cooling unit, heat recovery unit, and outlet) of air distribution systems on the energy effort will be investigated. The question of an appropriate air transport system (central, decentral) and the regarding control strategy will be examined. Steps of the work plan include: (1) analysis of the loss coefficients of ductworks; (2) development and validation of a simulation model for air distributation systems; (3) integration of the air distribution system model in a building and system simulation program; (4) development of key data to compare air distributation systems; (5) calculation of key data for typical air distributation systems; and (6) compilation of a reference book.
D. Fisher, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
The use of building energy simulation programs to evaluate the cost effectiveness of energy conservation measures for building retrofit and renovation projects is hindered by two significant barriers: (1) the cost of developing a site-specific building model to rank potential energy conservation measures is prohibitively high, and (2) the model inputs required to evaluate many standard energy conservation measures are difficult to obtain. This paper presents a methodology for ranking energy conservation measures at the early stages of a building retrofit or renovation program. The methodology is based on the differentiation of ventilation-system-independent and ventilation-system-dependent energy conservation measures. A procedure is presented for obtaining rank-order comparisons based on a limited set of simulation results.
M. Chimack, R. Miller, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; A. Zhivov, U.S. Army ERDC-CERL, Champaign, IL.
Part 2 of the paper will address results of simulation of industrial buildings with different energy conservation measures ranging from building envelope and HVAC and process ventilation systems improvement to compressed air, lighting, and boiler systems; to improvements in manufacturing processes resulting in reduced ventilation and heating/cooling loads. The energy conservation strategies are analyzed for typical DOE climate zones. A wide range of energy cost and simulation results provide guidelines on lifecycle costs and payback period of retrofit measures.
E. Shilkrot, Central Research and Experimental Design Institute for Industrial Buildings and Structures, Moscow, Russian Federation.
Airflows through apertures and leaks in the building envelope result from gravity forces, dynamic pressure created by the wind, and a negative pressure resulting from unbalanced supply and exhaust systems. The presentation will describe the analytical method allowing prediction of such airflows and methods of their control.
J. Vavrin, Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC- CERL), Champaign, IL.
The U.S. Army has numerous buildings called barracks used to house enlisted men and women in the Armed Services. These buildings are similar to college dormitory facilities with semiprivate rooms and common areas. Typically, these spaces are provided with ventilation air and temperature control, accomplished by individual fan coil units in each living space. At Fort Stewart (near Savannah, Georgia), 31 barracks-type buildings contain almost 2500 rooms. All these facilities were built in the late 1970s, early 1980s. During an energy conservation survey of Fort Stewart in July 2005, these buildings were evaluated and found to have very humid indoor conditions. Additionally, mold was present in certain parts of the rooms. The barracks’ HVAC systems were analyzed, and it was determined that the equipment received chilled water from the central plant that was too warm (approximately 5 degrees higher than normal) to condense an adequate amount of water vapor from the incoming ventilation air. As a result, alternative methods of dehumidifying the barracks were explored. The most promising solution was the installation of a local direct expansion air-conditioning unit with heat recovery.
A. Livchak, Halton, USA, Scottsville, KY.
According to the National Restaurant Association, more than 434,000 restaurants in the United States employ 12 million people throughout a year and contribute 506 trillion BTU (5.34·1017 J) to annual energy consumption. This paper presents the state-of-the-art solutions aimed at improving indoor air quality and thermal comfort in the kitchen and, at the same time, reducing restaurant energy consumption. The paper presents the following topics: efficient capture and containment of heat and effluent from cooking equipment; effect of air distribution systems on HVAC system energy consumption, indoor air quality and thermal comfort; and a total building approach and control strategy for minimum energy consumption.
A. Zhivov, U.S. Army ERDC-CERL, Champaign, IL.
The American Welding Society (AWS) Ventilation Guide was recently revised to include the current information on fume reduction and ventilation practices. The guide outlines recommended principles of ventilation systems for facilities with welding, cutting, and allied processes. The new edition of the guide describes different process related measures resulting in reduced fume generation, process encapsulation, and local ventilation systems and general ventilation strategies. This conference presentation will address these and other energy conservation strategies for welding shops.
Posted May 30, 2006